AFD 2022

The Internet is a strategically important aspect in the digital development of the country. The digital gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who are limited in it increases the risks of becoming the new face of inequality, amplifying economic and social problems.
 
The panel session will include a discussion on the development of Connectivity in Kazakhstan, as well as recommended actions to eliminates the blocks.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Connectivity. Accessible high-speed internet for everyone

The startup ecosystem of Central Asia is rapidly developing to join the ranks of the leading startup hubs. Combined with the positive dynamics of venture capital investments, talent development, and the launch of the AIFC with its infrastructure, Central Asian startups are reaching a new level of success. However, the region still has its limitations and shortcomings that need to be addressed. The panel aims to unleash the potential of Central Asian start-ups and find ways to influence the next wave of VC growth in the region.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Forging the momentum of regional VC

The session is dedicated to the disclosure of the topic of CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies). During the session, speakers will talk about the experience of implementing the Digital Tenge project in Kazakhstan, share the latest data on global progress and prospects for CBDC in the world, and also touch on the prerequisites that led to CBDC.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Digital tenge and global experience in the implementation of CBDC projects

Registration of Subsidiary and Recognised Company: Legal and Tax aspects
 
• Recognised Co vs Branch (RK) – legal aspects (charter capital, requirements)
 
• Taxation of Recognised Co under the permanent establishment concept
 
Capitalisation: Equity and/vs Debt Finance
 
• Allotment of shares – procedure
 
• 0% loans from natural persons to a legal entity
 
• Offer of securities
 
Specifics of taxation upon doing business in the AIFC:
 
• Taxation for general and regulated activities
 
Sale/Transfer of Shares:
 
• Transfer of shares (legal concepts, process and procedure)

Astana Finance Days 2022: Legal and tax aspects of setting up and conducting a business in the AIFC

The session will serve as a platform for discussing the key drivers for Kazakhstan’s current rating and the government’s efforts to improve the Kazakhstan's investment policy. Professionals from rating agencies, a Harvard Growth Lab researcher and the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan will share their views and experience on the current situation of the Kazakhstan and its key priorities.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Assessment of Investment Attractiveness of Kazakhstan

Strengthening the SME sector in Kazakhstan through the active inclusion of women in the country's economy
 
Topics for discussion
 
• Key framework conditions for the development of women's entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan
 
• Digitalization of the SME sector: transition to e-commerce
 
• The Role of Women in the Creation of Innovative Tech Start-ups
 
• International programs supporting businesswomen in Central Asia

Astana Finance Days 2022: Strengthening the SME sector in Kazakhstan through the active inclusion...

The main topic of the panel session is sustainable and social development of New Kazakhstan in the Era of 4IR. Industry 4.0 as a new initiative that gives opportunity for the innovative development of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
 
During the panel session, speakers will share best practices on global trends in new technologies. Therefore, they will also discuss the principles, approaches, tools of the implementation and potential effects of adoption of the Industry 4.0 technologies in Kazakhstan.
 
The Government of Kazakhstan and the AIFC are conducting the creation of an ecosystem with beneficial conditions for scaling up and introducing advanced technologies, which will give a new pulse to the innovative development of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. As evidence of it - the initiative of launching the Affiliated Center of the 4IR in Kazakhstan.

Astana Finance Days 2022: New Kazakhstan in the Era of 4IR

Topics for discussion
 
• General industry questions;
• New stock market trends;
• New retail investments tools;
• Active and passive investments;
• User data security;
• Industry digitalization.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Retail investments. Trends and new tools

AIFC as a turnaround place: Carbon Credits and Opportunities for Farmers, Energy-intensive industries, Investors and Vendors
 
The session will focus on improving market awareness (agro project initiators, energy-intensive industry representatives, consultants, etc.) of the current trend and global practice in carbon credits. Carbon credit trading is starting to gain traction with the planned introduction of a carbon tax in the EU space for importing producers. In order to minimise their carbon footprint, producers are turning to solutions such as process optimisation and renewables. Carbon credit trading is an additional tool.
 
We will discuss the issue together with technology vendors with sound international experience, the initiator of the project in the agricultural sector, an investment fund and a representative of a big four consulting company.

Astana Finance Days 2022: AIFC as a turnaround place: Carbon Credits and Opportunities for Farmers

CDIF is a tool for investing in enterprises of various industries for the further development and diversification of the economy of Kazakhstan.
 
During the presentation, you will have the opportunity to get detailed information about the work of the Foundation and ask questions that interest you.

Astana Finance Days 2022: «Chevron Direct Investment Fund Ltd.» Opening

Advances in data, digital technologies along emerging environmental challenges are beginning to revolutionize money, banking and finance. The knowledge required to address them is by definition highly fluid and futuristic. Such knowledge and expertise are scattered across disciplines, institutions or even individual subject matter experts which means, accessing this kind of information is not always easy for a solo Central bank. Global experience demonstrates multiple cases of structural and functional knowledge frameworks among Central Banks and development finance institutions. Central Banks can continually and reliably upskill with relevant technical, regulatory and operational knowledge as well as to conduct research on frontier topics within such frameworks. For example, Bank for International settlements, South East Asian Central Banks Network, Inter-American Development Bank Network, Network of Central Banks for Greening Financial System are some of the examples of such collaborations. China Russia Eurasian Studies
 
Centre and AIFC aim to discuss the idea of cooperation among Central Banks and financial institutions in the region in the light of advancements in technology and green finance. What are the challenges and opportunities among regional Central Banks associated with frontier topics? Is the research agenda among banks is similar? What are the best ways to address knowledge gaps? Would formation of a common knowledge framework be valuable?

Astana Finace Days 2022: Central Banks: Learning through Cooperation

During the panel session, together with leaders from the world's leading companies, we will discuss how to fully unlock the potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the production of a new resource for the country - green hydrogen. The session will also include the signing and announcement of the establishment of the Green Hydrogen Alliance of Kazakhstan.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Green Hydrogen

In recent years, the world has seen exponential growth in the volume of data generated and used. 25 quintillion bytes of data are generated every day, which can contribute unprecedented progress, transform business and society, and generally impact the global economy. Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies use data as a key resource for addressing systemic problems, such as regional poverty profile analysis, automatic classification of citizens' appeals, health care quality assessment, and more.
 
Panel session will provide opportunity for speakers to share their expertise in working with data, discuss current barriers and come up with recommendations on overcoming them and further evolving.

Astana Finance Days 2022: Data Driven Economy

If Web 3.0 is the future of the internet, how can we build a Web 3.0 startup hub in Kazakhstan?
 
Web 3.0 is the most current type of internet, whose main characteristics are democratization and based on semantic web technology. This web is built through a decentralized blockchain where there is no centralized ownership of content or platforms. Web 3.0 delivered us NFTs and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).
 
DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) is a collective entity owned and operated by its community members. Funds are stored in their very own treasury and are governed by smart contracts, which means DAOs do not have to rely on banks to store their funds. There is no central authority figure within the organization. Decisions are executed via proposals and voting, this ensures fairness and equality amongst its owners. Allowing everyone to have a voice within the DAO.
 
There are many hubs competing to become a home for DAOs, but the one builds the best regulatory environment fastest will be able to draw innovators from all over the world and establish itself as a capital for Web 3.0 “companies”. Currently, most DAO legislative and regulatory framework are inadequate as they are ambiguous, retrofitted into existing legal frameworks rather than being designed with the full functionality of smart contracts in mind, and end up creating more costs and time in the setup process, rather than bringing this down to mere minutes and a fraction of the costs that the technology promises.
 
AFSA could be a great place to provide this regulatory environment. These DAOs will create jobs in the local community – especially in computer science – bringing cutting edge knowledge and experimentation to the local community.

Astana Finance Days 2022: If Web 3.0 is the future of the internet, how can we build a Web 3.0...

Topics for discussion
 
• Development of a cashless economy in Central Asia
 
• Digital products and solutions that stimulate the development of the cashless economy of Kazakhstan
 
• Barriers and drivers for the development of a cashless economy in Kazakhstan

Astana Finance Days 2022: Future of cash in Kazakhstan and Central Asia

Topics for discussion
 
• Distrust of investment instruments due to the reputation of financial pyramids;
 
• Financial advisor license. The complexity of conducting personal financial advice in Kazakhstan. Legal nuances;
 
• Investment taxation. Taxes on losses and turnover. Cameral control of private investors;
 
• Financial literacy. Research and measurements. Social and educational part.

0:00 / 1:04:23  Astana Finance Days 2022: Simplifying investor’s path. The importance of financial literacy

Topics for discussion
 
• Authorisation process in AIFC and main requirements
• Approved and Designated Individuals
• Regulated activities licence types in the AIFC

Astana Finance Days 2022: AIFC Participant Journey: Authorisation procedures

AFD 2020

- Конференция по исламским финансам: Развитие ММСБ, цифровые платформы и исламские финтех решения
- EdTech Forum: Цифровая трансформация образования. Уроки социальной изоляции. Часть 1
- EdTech Forum: Цифровая трансформация образования. Уроки социальной изоляции. Часть 2
- Пресс-брифинг Бюро непрерывного профессионального развития
- Цифровые валюты от центральных банков (CBDC): Новые границы будущего финтеха
- EdTech Forum: Гиг экономика - как обеспечить победу в битве за IT-таланты?

AFD 2020 Day 1

- EdTech Forum. Startup Digital Village
- EdTech Forum. Образовательные технологии: глобальные вызовы и локальные тренды. Часть 1
- EdTech Forum. Образовательные технологии: глобальные вызовы и локальные тренды. Часть 2
- Практика разрешения споров в кризис: часть 2. Взгляд штатного юриста
- Правовая конференция МФЦА: Как извлечь выгоду из права МФЦА в это непростое время
- Пресс-брифинг Суда МФЦА
- EdTech Forum. Казахстан-Великобритания: цифровой мост через образование
- Пресс-брифинг по финтех
- EdTech Forum. Пространство и место образования в условиях Четвертой промышленной революции
- Правовая конференция МФЦА. Юридические диалоги: «Правовые технологии, стартапы и предпринимательство»

AFD 2020 Day 2

- Благоприятная адаптация иностранных экспертов в казахстанском бизнес-сообществе
- Спецвыпуск “Время Fintech”
- Разрешение споров онлайн: настоящее и будущее
- Правовая конференция МФЦА: Будущее юридического образования
- Правовая конференция МФЦА: Будущее права
- Презентация мобильного приложения «Право МФЦА»
- Парадигма сотрудничества и будущее Инициативы пояса и пути в эру COVID-19
- Беседы с лидерами. Какое будущее ждет Центральную Азию? Обзор макроэкономики и финансов
- GBBC - Crypto Asset
- Вызовы и возможности финтех-стартапов в СНГ в сфере халал

AFD Day 3

- Конференция по исламским финансам: Цифровое будущее исламских финансов в СНГ и Центральной Азии
- AFD Special: Международное сотрудничество в эру пандемии
- Конференция по исламским финансам: Пост-Covid-19: Регулирование в исламской финансовой индустрии
- AFD Special: Государственная политика в меняющемся мире
- Ускоряет ли цифровой экономический рост развитие цифровых денег и цифровых финансов?
- Казахстан - Сельскохозяйственные проекты и снижение инвестиционных рисков

AFD Day 4

- Какое будущее ждет Центральную Азию? Обзор макроэкономики и финансов
- Интервью с Александром Аузаном, Деканом Факультета экономики МГУ им.М.В.Ломоносова
- Сессия вопросов и ответов с Председателем Суда МФЦА и Председателем Международного арбитражного центра
- Конференция по исламским финансам: Развитие человеческого капитала для индустрии исламского финтех
- Goldman Sachs
- Пресс-брифинг с Виктором Орловским

AFD Day 5

AFD 2021

Missing Middle in Transition to the Future of Education
 
In 2020 the learning environment has experienced seismic change from traditional classroom led education to hybrid and digital learning. The trend isn’t just in digitalization, but also in the mindset of students, educators, employers and companies that is getting stronger. In this session we will explore future trends that are changing the education landscape. Will they fill in the missing middle in the transition from today to tomorrow?
 
Speakers:
Elmira Obry, Maria Spies, Ekaterina Tsaranok, Sorabh Bajaj

AFD2021: Missing Middle in Transition to the Future of Education

Effective disclosures for Islamic Collective Investment Schemes (ICIS) 
o Overview of key regulatory considerations and specificities of ICIS o Principles of transparency and disclosure for ICIS and regulatory best practices o Role of transparency and disclosure in protecting ICIS investors o Addressing emerging issues and challenges for ICIS through better informed investors 
 
Speaker 
Peter Casey

AFD2021: Effective disclosures for Islamic Collective Investment Schemes (ICIS)

CAREC ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL STABILITY CLUSTER FORUM 2021: CAREC HIGH-LEVEL POLICY DIALOGUE ON COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION. PANEL DISCUSSION 1: CHALLENGES TO FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND POLICY RESPONSES – PRE-, PERI- AND POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC 
The CAREC Secretariat is inviting officials from relevant ministries, central banks, regulatory authorities, and other senior officials in CAREC region to share their experiences on dealing with financial inclusion challenges posed by the pandemic, and discuss about innovations as drivers of financial inclusion. ADB, IMF, and the WB will also share their insights, explore innovations in financial inclusion, and emphasize the role of regional cooperation. What are the challenges to financial inclusion, pre-, peri- and post pandemic and what have been the policy responses taken so far by each country? What sort of support CAREC countries expect from IFIs in terms of policy and financial support to deal with financial inclusion challenges? 
 
Speaker 
Syed Shakeel Shah 
 
Speaker 
Tariq Niazi 
 
Speaker 
Yevgeniy Zhukov 
 
Speaker 
Ilias Skamnelos 
 
Speaker 
Jihad Azour 
 
Speaker 
Lalita Moorty 
 
Speaker 
Reza Baqir 
 
Speaker 
Rashad Orujov 
 
Speaker 
Abrorkhuja Akbarovich Turdaliyev 
 
Speaker 
Salma Alokozai 
 
Speaker 
Safdar Parvez

AFD2021: CAREC ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL STABILITY CLUSTER FORUM 202

Enhancing Transparency in the Sukuk Market 
o Overview of key regulatory considerations and specificities of Sukuk 
 
o Principles of transparency and disclosure for Sukuk practices 
 
o Role of transparency and disclosure in protecting Sukuk 
 
o Addressing emerging issues and challenges for Sukuk through better informed investors 
 
Speaker 
Peter Casey

AFD2021: Enhancing Transparency in the Sukuk Market

Open banking: Global Use Cases and Kazakhstan Market Insights
 
Open Banking is already being adopted around the world, driven by efforts to promote innovation, competition, data privacy, cost efficiencies and financial inclusion. Although Open Banking is taking different shapes in each country, boosted locally by either regulation or market initiatives, the impact on retail and SME banking seems to cut across geographies.
 
The session will present the findings of the market study "Open banking: Global Use Cases and Kazakhstan Market Insights" prepared by AIFC and Mastercard.
The concept of Open Banking, the regulatory landscape, business models, and global use cases, as well as the results of interviews with experts and market participants in Kazakhstan.
 
Audience: representatives of banks and fintech companies, traditional IT companies and vendors of the "new API wave", representatives of regulators and industry associations
 
Speakers: Bekzhan Mutanov, Rafal Trepka, Pavel Kondrashev, Sergey Popov, Nikita Lomov, Ivan Istomin

AFD2021: Open banking Global Use Cases and Kazakhstan Market Insights

IPO: capital market fit Learning Programme
 
IPO: Transformative Learning Programme is an educational programme developed by the University of the Future that is aimed at preparing companies and its personnel for IPO. Info-session will cover the process of IPO, training programme and core modules as well as discuss the importance of capacity building of company personnel for successful IPO.
 
Speakers: David Gallo, Prof. Alexander Van de Putte, Assel Mukazhanova, Lise Anna Bruynooghe, Assel Mussagul, Eleonora Kussembayeva

AFD2021: IPO: capital market fit Learning Programme

Legal Talks: the Future AIFC Legal Services Regulatory Framework 
The future regime will be discussed and explained to the AIFC and Kazakhstan legal community. 
 
The objectives, principles and strategy will be presented by the AIFC Advisory Panel on Legal Regulatory Matters, the AIFC Academy of Law, the AFSA and representatives of the legal community. 
 
Speaker 
Aigoul Kenjebayeva 
 
Speaker 
Alison Hook 
 
Speaker 
Chris Kenny 
 
Speaker 
David Gallo 
 
Speaker 
Iain Miller 
 
Speaker 
Ishaq Burney

AFD2021: Legal Talks: the Future AIFC Legal Services Regulatory Framework

Инвесторларды күрделі әлемдік ортада қорғау• COVID-19 пандемиясының исламдық капитал нарығы үшін салдары• Пандемияның әсерін жұмсарту үшін реттеуші органдар қабылдаған саяси шаралар• Теңдесіз экономикалық және қаржылық нарықтық жағдайларға байланысты туындайтын инвесторларды қорғаудың негізгі мәселелері және осы мәселелерді шешу• Нарықтың, бағалаудың және ақпараттың ашықтығы есебінен инвесторлардың белгісіз ортаға деген сенімін арттыру• Ислам капитал нарығы үшін бірегей нақты ұсыныстар мен саясат мәселелері және одан арғы әрекеттер жөнінде сұрақ-жауаптарСпикерлер: Питер Кейси, Д-р Рифки Исмал, Норайзат Шик Ахмад, Акбер Хан

AFD2021: Инвесторларды күрделі әлемдік ортада қорғау

Closing the Gender Gap
 
The session will discuss World Economic Forum’s “Closing the Gender Gap” accelerator that is aimed at creating system changes globally and at the national public-private level of each participant country to narrow the existing gender inequality worldwide. The session will focus on Kazakhstan joining the global network of the Closing the Gender Gap Accelerator and present key public partners and the local coordinator of the program.
 
Speaker
Saadia Zahidi
 
Speaker
Dr. Rania A. Al-Mashat
 
Speaker
Lazzat Ramazanova
 
Speaker
Anar Omarova
 
Speaker
Wiebke Schloemer

AFD2021: Closing the Gender Gap

Women in Finance
The session is focused on the role of women in financial services industry as well as programs promoting gender equality and women empowerment initiated by international financial institutions and global corporations. The discussion will provide professional advice on leadership from top female managers to women working in finance sector.
 
Speaker
Madina Abylkassymova
 
Speaker
Julie Monaco
 
Speaker
Zsuzsanna Hargitai
 
Speaker
Alina Anikina
 
Speaker
Gaukhar Nurgalieva

AFD2021: Women in Finance

Restoring And Recalibrating Nation’s Growth Prospects
 
As countries reopen, policymakers must lay the groundwork for recovery to rebuild stronger, more resilient, and more inclusive economies. The panelists will explore these developments and the challenges ahead for the global economy, for emerging markets and also Caucasus and Central Asia region, (the threat of economic scarring, the fiscal challenges financial stability concerns as well as what might be the policy priorities to build a stronger recovery. Much remains to be done to beat back the pandemic and avoid persistent increases in inequality within countries and divergence across economies. The agenda for the region is now already clear:focus on green and sustainable recovery, greening of economy education, with particular focus on youth and lifelong learning, helping to adjust to new realities and needs. The second driver is clearly digitalization, promoting distance services as well as facilitating access to the global market; promoting diversification and sustainable local production, including supporting clean agriculture; focus on environment friendly quality tourism instead of mass tourism. environment, improving the legal environment as well as enhancing long-term structural reforms. strengthening regional economic cooperation and establishing regional market would significantly contribute in boosting economic development, providing additional opportunities to the small and medium business, especially in the regions.
 
Speaker
Sergei Glazyev
 
Speaker
Marc Uzan
 
Speaker
Brendan Duprey
 
Speaker
Romano Prodi
 
Speaker
Ekaterina Trofimova
 
Speaker
Nuria Kutnayeva
 
Speaker
Michele Geraci

AFD2021: Restoring And Recalibrating Nation’s Growth Prospects

From high school to the boardroom
The velocity of change makes it challenging for parents, adolescents, and professionals to make choices about study orientation and careers. In its ‘The Future of Jobs 2020’ report, the World Economic Forum argues that the outlook for the labour market is highly uncertain and that Covid-19 is accelerating the arrival of the future of work. This session will explore several key underlying questions that many people – from high school students to professionals – face when making choices for the future, including:
 
What are the major forces affecting the future of work?
What competencies are needed in the future to remain relevant and avoid obsolescence?
Which jobs will be most in demand?
What advice would you give adolescents and their parents about the educational choices they should make?
how can workers affected by technological disruption reskill themselves?
 
Speaker
Prof. Pamela Burnard
 
Speaker
Vikas Aggarwal
 
Speaker
Prof. Alexander Van de Putte
 
Speaker
Jochen Berbner
 
Speaker
Richard Rumbelow

AFD2021: From high school to the boardroom

Дәлізден экономикалық платформаға дейін: жаңа сауда байланыстарыThe need to diversify their economies, increasing and solidifying supply chain routes as well as creating opportunities for a young population are a few of the similar challenges the MENA and Central Asia regions are facing. With a mandate to face these issues, a growing focus by Sovereign Wealth Funds in co-investments has been noticeable especially in renewable energy and food security. There is nevertheless an urgent need and unique opportunity to build this emerging corridor between both regions. From cultural complementarity and a growing dynamic private sector there is a potential for greater integration between these regions which can help face the challenges for the decades to come. This must translate in greater support for the private sector in cross-regional financial resources, enhanced regulatory framework. The session will laid out these new trends.Спикерлер: Джихад Азур, Рауф Салаходжаев, Азамат Аскарулы, Кавех Сами, Халед Абу Захр, Хенк Ян Хугендорн, Мансур Мухтар

AFD2021: Дәлізден экономикалық платформаға дейін: жаңа сауда байланыстары

E-commerce in Kazakhstan during the boom
 
In this session, key industry players will talk about the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan, the government's priorities in this area, trends in online payments, what issues online SMEs face in the market, local and international marketplaces, how they work and how they differ, and They will also tell you what changes must occur in logistics for the effective development of e-commerce in the country.
 
E-commerce mainly involves domestic transactions, linking suppliers and consumers through electronic platforms. However, the cross-border segment of the market is growing much faster than domestic volumes. Forecasts (Ti, 2018) estimate cross-border e-commerce growth around 17% between 2017 and 2022, compared with 12% for overall e-commerce (cross-border and domestic). Cross-border purchases have been forecast at 20% of worldwide e-commerce by 2022, comprising some US$627bn.
 
Speakers: Rafal Trepka, Alexey Dukhanin, Assel Zhanassova, Molder Ryssalieva, Dmitry Komissar, Rula Raim, Natalya Lim

AFD2021: E-commerce in Kazakhstan during the boom

Transferable Skills in Digital World
 
The session will discuss current choices and challenges Generation Z faces in the digital era and how it is different from previous generations. Speakers will bring attention to the importance of early identification of professional predispositions and talents in the young age from big data. Discussion will focus on technological solutions in this sphere as well as the role of kids self-Identification for sustainable society development.
 
Speaker: Elmira Obry

AFD2021: Transferable Skills in Digital World

The seminars' main objectives are to: 
 
❖ Address Islamic finance-specific issues in relation to investor protection. 
 
❖ Discuss best practices for investor protection in the ICM and the elements of a robust investor protection framework. 
 
❖ Highlight best practices and guidelines on disclosure requirements for ICM products, specifically for Sukuk and Islamic collective investment schemes (ICIS). 
 
❖ Identify issues arising from the current global environment and share policy actions taken by various regulators and policy makers to address emerging challenges and issues. 
 
The session's main objectives are to: 
 
o Overview of the global Islamic capital markets and trends; 
 
o Overview of regulatory issues and the key principles of investor protection; 
 
o The role of product governance, conduct of business requirements (including client assets, best execution, and conflicts of interest etc.), and good practices in relation to investor redress and investor education; 
 
o Emerging investor protection issues in the Islamic capital markets in the context of the current global environment 
 
Speaker 
A. Amany Ahmed 
 
Speaker 
Dr. Bello Lawal Danbatta 
 
Speaker 
Mukhtar Bubeyev #afd2021 #astanafinancedays #aifc

Мұрағат

AFD 2022

AFD 2020

AFD 2021